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Is Eyewitness Testimony Accurate?

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If you have been accused of committing a crime, you might believe that testimony from someone who was there at the time would be devastating to your defense. However, the good news is that eyewitness research has revealed that these first-hand accounts aren’t always as accurate as they appear to be in movies or on television crime dramas.

How Accurate Are Eyewitnesses?

At the most basic level, the testimony of an eyewitness could confirm a state or federal charge that a person is guilty of committing a crime. However, based on impression and interpretation alone, one person could believe they saw someone do something that they actually did not. If an eyewitness mistakenly identifies a person as a culprit, the defendant could be convicted and face serious penalties, including incarceration, for a crime that they did not commit.

Research shows that 75 percent of false convictions are caused by unreliable eyewitness testimonies. How can this be the case? Aren’t people sure of who they see, especially during an event as important as a serious crime? Should not they, in theory, be the perfect person to confirm the details of what transpired on that day?

However, human memory is far from being perfect. In fact, a memory changes every time a person recalls it. This is why certain details may change, and stories seem to differ from the same person when they tell them on different days. Human memories can also be largely influenced by outside events or input; if a person is told that something happened a specific way, they are more likely to revisit their own memory and alter certain details to match what they have been told.

What Factors Influence an Eye Witness?

Eyewitness psychology focuses on exploring the different factors that contribute to a person’s perception and memory of an event. One of the biggest influences on memory is a person’s emotional state. At the time of the commission of a crime, someone is likely to be taken off guard. If the situation is dangerous, they will have increased adrenaline and likely running off a fight-or-flight response. In that scenario, their mind is going to hone in on certain details that are most relevant to securing their immediate safety or protecting someone else. This means they will miss out on other key details, which may ultimately falsely incriminate someone later.

Stress, bias and influence from others also influence eyewitness accuracy. Stress is present both at the time of an event and after; as a person rethinks what happens, the details are likely to change depending on how they feel. If they were questioned by police or investigators, the approach to questioning could influence how they recall the event. Seeing a man in a red hoodie may have been unimportant at the time, but if an officer leads questioning to identify a specific type of person, then the man in the red hoodie suddenly becomes a threat in the witness’s mind.

Eyewitness Testimony in a New Jersey Criminal Court

The best thing you can do is work with a Morristown criminal defense lawyer to determine whether an eyewitness’s report could be used against you in a court of law. A lawyer who has experience with these types of matters can gather important details and present them as accurately as possible to the court.

The New Jersey Supreme Court regulates eyewitness identifications and enforces strict standards for court proceedings. Ensuring that evidence is accurate prevents false convictions and further unnecessary stress for you.

Build the Best Case With a Morristown Criminal Defense Lawyer

If you are facing misdemeanor or felony criminal charges that are based in whole or in part on the testimony of alleged eyewitnesses, contact the offices of Greg A. Witosky, Esq., so that we can begin working on your defense strategy as quickly as possible. We know how to help our clients gather the strongest evidence and challenge erroneous testimony to the judge and members of the jury.

The Basics of Bail Bonds

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The U.S. bail bonds services industry exceeds $2 billion in revenue annually and employs nearly 25,000 people. If you are arrested and need help posting bail, you may have to tap into these services. Find out how the bail bonds system works, its benefits, and its risks so you can make informed decisions if the time comes.

The Amount of Your Bail

Once law enforcement officers arrest you and book you into jail, the court sets your bail. This is a dollar amount that you must pay to be released pending your court hearing. The judge considers a number of factors in determining bail:

  • The severity of the criminal charges; bail for a felony is higher than for a misdemeanor.
  • The likelihood that you will continue to break the law if you are released from jail.
  • The risk that you will abscond if released before trial.

Above all, the judge must set your bail high enough so that it provides you with the incentive to appear at your court hearing. If you are facing serious criminal charges and have a history of arrests, you could be looking at a bail amount that exceeds your resources. When that happens, one alternative is to work with a bail bond company.

Working With a Bail Bondsperson


If you don’t have the cash available to post your bail, a New Jersey bail bond company may agree to act as a guarantor. It provides the court with a written promise to pay your bail in full should you fail to appear at scheduled hearings.

Typically, the bondsman requires 10% of your total bail upfront from you, a friend, or a family member. If you are facing federal charges, the company may take 15% instead. This is the price you pay for being released from custody, and it is non-refundable.

Also, you must provide collateral equal to the balance of your bail, such as your personal property. You will not have to sign over those assets to obtain a bail bond, but if you fail to appear for court and thus forfeit your bail, the bond company can take them as compensation for paying the court the balance that you owe.

For example, if the judge sets your bail at $10,000, your bail bond fee would be $1,000. You would need to have sufficient collateral for the remaining amount of $9,000. This could be your car, some real estate, or another asset of the same value. You will sign paperwork that acknowledges your non-refundable fee and your obligation to turn over your collateral if you do not show up for pre-trial court dates and your trial.

Your ability to get a bail bond is by no means a given. The bail bond business is high-risk, and companies strive to avoid losses. A few of the factors that may prevent you from bonding out of jail include:

  • A history of absconding
  • A criminal record
  • An inability to pay the bond or provide collateral
  • Having no permanent address
  • Having no ties to the community
  • The nature of the charges against you

What Happens Next?

After you have signed your paperwork and paid your fee, the bondsman will complete and present the necessary forms to get you released from jail. It is your responsibility to appear for court dates until your case reaches resolution. Your Morristown criminal defense lawyer will help you through the next steps of the legal process.

If you do not comply with the law and choose to skip bail instead, beware. Bail bond companies work hard to minimize their financial risk, and they work just as hard to collect on bad debts. If you break your bail contract, expect to be pursued for the balance of the bail, including forfeiture of your collateral.

Morristown Criminal Defense Lawyers Can Help

When you are facing criminal charges in New Jersey, get in touch with the Law Offices of Gregg A. Wisotsky. We have the legal knowledge and experience you need to navigate the court system and the bail bond process as well. Call us today at 973-898-0161 to get started.

The Decision to Accept a Plea Bargain

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It is estimated that approximately 95% of guilty pleas are the result of plea bargains as opposed to a verdict reached by a jury in a trial. In most cases, unless prohibited by New Jersey law, a plea agreement will be offered to the defendant. When criminal charges threaten to destroy the lives of the defendant and their loved ones, they might wonder if a plea bargain is worth accepting.

How the Courts Decide When to Offer a Plea Bargain

In many criminal cases, the prosecution has too much evidence against the defendant. There is little possibility that the case would be dismissed. If a guilty verdict is reached, the sentence could be significant prison time. It is situations such as these where a plea bargain should be considered a valid option. Your Morristown criminal defense lawyer can help you decide if a plea bargain is right for your case, but the ultimate decision is entirely yours to make.

When a plea bargain is offered, the prosecution is required to follow specific sentencing provisions set by the New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice. Any offers that the prosecution may extend to the defendant are based on the range of sentence possibilities for the criminal charges in question. Plea bargain offers usually align with the midpoint of the range of sentencing possibilities.

If a case qualifies for a plea agreement, the judge might advise both the prosecution and the defense to consider a plea deal. Even when recommended by the courts, the judge is not obligated to accept the proposed deal. If a deal is not accepted, the prosecution and the defense can continue to negotiate an alternative deal the court might be more willing to accept.

What Role the Judge Plays in a Plea Agreement

The judge will have the final word by having full discretion over whether to accept or reject the proposed plea deal. His honor will carefully weigh factors such as the severity of the crime, the character criminal record of the defendant, why the plea is being negotiated, and if the plea deal is in the best interest of both the victim and the general public.

A defendant cannot enter a plea until the judge accepts the arrangement. When presented with a plea deal, the judge has several options. These include:

  • Accepting the plea deal as presented
  • Rejecting the plea agreement and supplying reasoning behind the decision to reject it
  • Choosing to defer the decision until there is time to review the pre-sentencing report
  • Accepting the terms of the plea agreement but rejecting the terms of the sentencing
  • Recommending that the defendant pleads without a deal in place

If the judge recommends that the defendant pleads without any deal, it is usually an indication that the judge may be considering a lesser sentence than that being presented by the prosecution. Once the deal has been accepted, the defendant must immediately plead guilty to the charges as they appear in the deal.

Criteria for Plea Bargains

In addition to the sentencing provisions mentioned above, there are five criteria that must be met in order for a plea negotiation to be possible. Your Morristown criminal defense attorney can advise you as to whether you can expect an offer of a plea agreement. The five criteria are:

  1. The case must be prosecuted by either a municipal prosecutor, county prosecutor, or the attorney general of New Jersey.
  2. The defendant must have legal representation, or they must have waived their right to counsel.
  3. Before the plea can be made, the prosecutor must confirm that the defendant has been consulted about and agrees to such a plea.
  4. The matter being pled needs to be on record that it is within the municipal court jurisdiction and that it does not affect any other offenses faced at the county level without agreement from the prosecutor from the county.
  5. Any sentence recommended as a result of the plea agreement cannot be less than the mandatory requirements for that offense.

Types of Plea Bargains

It is important to remember that a plea bargain is an admission of the defendant’s guilt. When there are criminal charges, there are set sentencing guidelines that are applied. A plea agreement will set the punishment, potentially reduce or change the charges, or set other requirements for fulfilling the penalty requirements. There are three types of plea agreements:

  • When there are multiple charges, a plea agreement may be offered for the defendant to plead guilty to one charge in order to have the other charges dismissed.
  • The prosecution may offer sentencing minimums in exchange for a guilty plea.
  • The prosecution might offer charges that are reduced from the original charges in order to obtain a guilty plea from the defendant.

Plea agreements are actually quite common. Sometimes, there will be other conditions such as probation or an agreement to testify against someone else. Plea agreements are less expensive than a trial for both the prosecution and the defense.

Charges Where a Plea Bargain Should Be Considered

While there are many criminal charges that have a good chance at trial with the right Morristown criminal defense attorney, if a defendant faces charges where the prosecution has a good case against them, pleading down your charge is a good option. There are also some charges where the prosecution is prohibited from negotiating a plea. There might be a plea agreement that offers you other options as well. Charges where you should always consider a plea include:

  • Moving violations
  • Drug possession
  • Drug possession with intent to distribute
  • Crimes involving threats made to another person
  • Driving under the influence (DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI)
  • Assault and other violent crimes
  • Domestic violence
  • White collar crimes
  • Internet-related crimes
  • Juvenile charges
  • Theft

Plea agreements are most commonly offered to those who are first-time offenders. Defendants with a long history of criminal activity might not be given this option.

The Importance of Retaining a Morristown Criminal Defense Lawyer

If you are facing criminal charges, you should not go to court without understanding every aspect of the process you will be facing. You need to be aware of the mandatory sentencing requirements that would come with a guilty plea or verdict and if there is a possibility of a plea negotiation with the prosecution. You will need to be ready to prove your character, too. If you have a history of prior criminal activity, you need to know how your priors will affect your current case. If a plea deal is offered, your attorney can help with negotiations and know whether or not you should accept the offer. It is most helpful to have someone on your side who is familiar with the judges and prosecutors in the Morristown court system.

Criminal defense lawyer Gregg Wisotsky has been practicing in the Morristown area for more than 30 years. He can help you with every aspect of your criminal charges. Contact us today at 973-898-0161 if you are ready to discuss your situation.

Everything You Need to Understand About Wire Fraud

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A Comprehensive Guide to Wire Fraud

When one party defrauds another via an electronic communication, this would be considered the white-collar crime that is known as wire fraud. In 2019 alone, over $220 million was lost as a result of real estate wire fraud. The prosecution must prove several elements in order for a wire fraud conviction to occur.

What Does Wire Fraud Entail?

Wire fraud involves any kind of fraudulent activity that occurs via signals, pictures, sounds or writings that are effectively transmitted through a wire. These methods could include radio, fax, telephone, internet or television. In order for someone to be convicted of wire fraud, the prosecution for the case will typically be tasked with proving that:

  • The individual created a scheme to commit wire fraud
  • The individual intended to commit wire fraud
  • A wire-based technology was used to complete the scheme in question

When looking at the scheme aspect of wire fraud, there usually needs to be intent for a conviction to occur. If the defendant planned to make a false or misleading statement to accrue money or an item of value from another entity, fraud has likely occurred. Participating in wire fraud without knowing that you are doing so is not enough to obtain a conviction. On the other hand, a conviction can occur if fraud was a foreseeable result of the action.

Keep in mind that wire fraud convictions can occur even if the scheme was ultimately unsuccessful. Many different actions constitute wire fraud. Using any kind of interstate communication device to transmit materials would be classified as wire fraud. As mentioned previously, these messages or transmissions can be sent through the radio, telephone, internet, television, email and fax machine. Wire fraud can also occur when one individual pressures another person to perform a wire transfer.

Wire fraud can occur as a part of bank, insurance or tax scheme. The types of information that can be transmitted in an attempt to commit fraud include improper statements that were made to investors or customers, incorrect income documents, and fraudulent bank statements. Wire fraud is considered to be a serious offense and the penalties are severe if a conviction is obtained.

Some Examples of Wire Fraud

Many cases of wire fraud involve the act of defrauding businesses, and it is very common for banks to be the victims. Another common example is when false insurance claims are made in an attempt to obtain compensation for injuries or other losses that did not actually occur. While many cases of wire fraud involve businesses, it is important to understand that it is common for someone’s personal financial information is targeted as well.

Hackers who gain access to someone’s bank account or credit card information could be convicted of wire fraud if the information was used to obtain money for their own benefit. Wire fraud can happen if financial information is obtained as a part of telemarketing fraud, phishing or internet scams. Phishing is a serious cyberattack that involves using deceptive websites or emails to obtain personal information from unsuspecting individuals.

Perhaps the most famous example of wire fraud is the highly-publicized scam involving a “Nigerian prince.” The scam begins with an email that’s sent to an individual by an alleged member of Nigerian royalty. This email will contain details about an unfortunate situation that the sender is in and that has made him unable to gain access to his bank account. The “prince” will then request bank account information from the recipient of the email so that he can deposit his money into the account for a short period of time.

If the email recipient complies with the request, the bank account information will be used to get access to the account and all the funds that are available in it. Despite the obvious nature of this particular scam, wire fraud can also be subtle and difficult for someone to avoid, which is why the penalties are severe.

Penalties Associated With Wire Fraud

There is a range of serious penalties that is associated with a wire fraud conviction. When someone has been charged with having committed it, resolving the case doesn’t always involve getting the charges overturned completely. There are times when the goal of the defense will be to reduce the penalties and obtain a lighter sentence. Wire fraud is a federal crime, which means that the penalties are consistent no matter where you live.

One of the more notable aspects of potential wire fraud penalties is that every specific instance of wire fraud is considered to be a separate act.. As an example, let us assume that someone sends 10 emails to different recipients in an attempt to commit wire fraud. Each email would count as a single act of wire fraud, which means that the penalties can accrue quickly. Even though wire fraud is a federal offense, each state can choose to pursue additional charges that occur in conjunction with the federal allegations.

The federal penalties that are attached to wire fraud include:

  • Fines of as much as $250,000 for individuals
  • Fines of as much as $500,000 for companies and organizations
  • As long as 20 years in a federal prison

Keep in mind that the potential penalties are stiffer if the wire fraud involves a federal financial institution or a federal disaster. Federal disasters must be declared by the current president.

Potential Legal Defenses for a Wire Fraud Case

If you have been charged with wire fraud, it is highly recommended that you seek the advice and counsel of our Morristown criminal defense lawyer. We can help you build your defense to identify the most appropriate strategy for your specific situation. Several legal defenses are commonly used in cases involving wire fraud, and they can include a lack of the requisite intent, puffery, and a mistake of fact. “Puffery” occurs when someone uses exaggerated claims or statements in an attempt to sell a product. If these statements are made over the phone or by email, they likely wouldn’t result in a conviction for wire fraud since the customer should understand that the statements aren’t wholly accurate or representative of the product in question.

A lack of intent is an affirmative defense that can be used when the defendant didn’t intend to commit wire fraud. The prosecution is tasked with proving that the defendant intended to commit fraud, which is very difficult to do. As for a mistake of fact, a wire fraud conviction depends on the defendant making misleading or false statements. However, the defendant may have believed these statements to be true, which means that the false information wasn’t being communicated intentionally. Wire fraud cases can be complicated, which is why there are numerous defenses that can be used.

Are you currently being investigated for wire fraud? If so, the defense strategies that are used in your case will likely play a substantial role in the results. Call our Morristown criminal defense lawyer today at (973) 898-0161 to discuss your matter. We have offices located throughout the state of New Jersey in Parsippany, Jersey City, Springfield, Elizabeth, Newark, Freehold, Mount Laurel, and Hackensack, and we also have offices in New York City and Decatur, Georgia.

Types of Behaviors That May Count as Embezzlement

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Behaviors That Are Considered to Be Embezzlement

Whenever an individual steals property or money from a business partner, another person, or their employer, it’s possible for this theft to be considered embezzlement. To understand how widespread embezzlement is, employee theft results in businesses losing upwards of $50 billion per year. There are many different actions and behaviors that could constitute embezzlement, which you should be aware of if you’ve been charged with this crime.

Examples of Embezzlement

Before detailing the many different examples of embezzlement, keep in mind that this crime differs from larceny or fraud. In order for embezzlement to occur, the embezzler must have permission to directly handle the property or assets that they misused. Embezzlement only happens when the individual takes the property. The most common forms of embezzlement can be separated into two categories – employee embezzlement and property embezzlement. The main examples of employee embezzlement include:

  • Taking money from a cash register
  • Taking kickbacks or bribes
  • Altering the time records for employees
  • Charging more for a product and taking the difference
  • Changing the books to hide stolen money or losses
  • Taking office supplies to your home
  • Placing vendor checks into your personal bank account

Property embezzlement occurs when you have been trusted with someone else’s property, which is usually money. The main difference between property embezzlement and employee embezzlement is that the owner of the property generally isn’t a company. Examples of property embezzlement include:

  • Using your relative’s Social Security payment
  • Selling property of an estate and pocketing the proceeds without taking its heirs and beneficiaries into account

Penalties Associated With Embezzlement

Since most embezzlement cases are state charges, the penalties associated with the charge will differ depending on the state where the activity took place. In New Jersey, the penalties attributed to embezzlement depend on the amount of money or property value that was taken. In the event that the value is lower than $200, the crime could result in as many as six months in jail and fines that reach as high as $1,000.

For property valued between $200 and $500, it’s considered to be a fourth-degree crime, which results in 18 months of jail time and up to $10,000 in fines. If the value is higher than $500 but lower than $75,000, the crime would be a third-degree offense, which results in three to five years of jail time and as much as $15,000 in fines. If the property that is embezzled amounts to more than $75,000, you could be charged with a second-degree offense, which can come with jail time of five to 10 years and as much as $150,000 in fines.

How Our Morristown Criminal Defense Lawyer Can Build Your Case

Our Morristown criminal defense lawyer has the experience and knowledge necessary to assist you in challenging the allegations. If you’ve been charged with embezzlement, there are three defenses that are commonly used in these situations. The possible defenses that could be used with your case include entrapment, duress, or a lack of intent. There are also four things that the prosecution needs to prove in order for embezzlement charges to stick, which include:

  • The defendant must be aware that taking the money would be a crime.
  • The defendant must be aware that they aren’t allowed to use the money.
  • The defendant must intend to steal money from the owner or company.
  • The owner or company must give the defendant control over the money in question.

If all four of these things can’t be proven, it’s possible that the offense would be classified as theft or larceny. It’s also possible that the defendant was unaware that they weren’t supposed to use the money or property that they were put in charge of. In almost all situations, embezzlement is a complex issue that requires a strong legal defense to ensure that penalties are minimized or avoided altogether.

When you contact our Morristown criminal defense lawyers, we can assist you in building a strong case that takes every possible strategy into account. Call us today at (973} 898-0161 to get started.

Penalties May Be Severe for Drug Possession in New Jersey

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Understand Drug Possession Penalties in New Jersey

If a traffic stop or knock at your door wound up leading to your arrest on suspicion of drug possession in New Jersey, it’s important that you understand the penalties such crimes may carry under conviction. Numerous factors, such as police or witness testimonies, alleged evidence taken into custody during a search, as well as what type of defense you present may all influence the judge’s or jury’s decision in your case.

What Is the Legal Definition of Drug Possession in the State of New Jersey?

If a New Jersey police officer arrests you for a suspected drug possession crime, it means you’re being accused of knowingly obtaining, holding on your person or controlling an illegal substance. A drug in question might include cocaine, marijuana or heroin, as well as any number of prescription drugs or other illegal substances. Police may charge you with “intent to distribute” an illegal drug if they have evidence that you possessed a certain quantity of a specific drug.

First-Time Possession Charge Doesn’t Equate to a Lighter Penalty

Perhaps you were pulled over in a traffic stop and police searched your vehicle. You wound up getting arrested for possession of an illegal drug. You’ve never faced criminal charges prior to the arrest, so you assume that, if the court convicts you, the penalty will be less severe because it is a first offense.

In New Jersey, the penalty for drug possession depends on the type of drug in question, as well as the amount. Even if it is the first time you’ve been charged with a drug crime, the penalty may still be harsh, depending on the details of your case.

Jail Time and Fines

If the court convicts you of marijuana possession of less than 50 grams, you may face up to six months behind bars, as well as a fine up to $1,000, even if it is your first offense. Any amount more than 50 grams carries a harsher penalty up to 18 months in jail and fines of up to $25,000.

The state categorizes drugs such as heroin, hallucinogens, ecstasy or methamphetamine as controlled substances or narcotics. These and other drugs in this category carry severe consequences under conviction. If you’re convicted of drug possession of substances in this category, you could go to jail for as long as five years and pay fines up to $35,000.

Penalties Often Include More Than Incarceration or Fines

You no doubt want to avoid going to jail if it’s at all possible. However, staying out of jail won’t be your only concern if you are facing drug possession charges in New Jersey. The following list shows additional penalties or repercussions you might incur if you are charged with drug possession crimes:

  • Driver’s license restrictions
  • Vehicle confiscation
  • Need of bail money

The state can suspend your driver’s license if you’re convicted of a drug possession crime. In fact, in certain circumstances, police can seize your vehicle. This is especially true in cases where you might be charged with possession with intent to sell drugs. Also, you may have to come up with bail money in order to be released from jail while you’re awaiting trial. In certain situations, the court may deny your release, and you would have to stay in jail until your case is fully adjudicated. While this is not the same as a penalty under conviction, it is still a negative consequence you might experience after being arrested on suspicion of a drug crime.

Possession of Drug Paraphernalia and Failure of Lawful Disposition

If a police officer doesn’t find any illegal substances in your possession during a search, it doesn’t necessarily mean you won’t be charged with a drug crime. Various items, such as a small pipe, a syringe, scales, etc., may constitute probable cause for a police officer to take you into custody for possession of drug-related paraphernalia. Conviction of such crimes often carry penalties of up to six months in jail and substantial fines.

When you have taken possession of an illegal drug, New Jersey law requires that you hand it over to a law enforcement officer. Not doing so means you have failed to make a lawful disposition, which carries a penalty under conviction of up to half a year in jail. In any case, prosecutors must prove that a substance or item they claim to be an illegal drug or drug-related item is, in fact, actually the substance or item they claim it is. Substantiating such claims is typically accomplished through laboratory testing of the item or items in question.

Extenuating Circumstances That May Have Implications for Your Case

In addition to criminal penalties under conviction of drug possession, facing charges for drug crimes can have negative consequences in other areas of your life. If you’re a college student, for instance, you may incur penalties that result in expulsion or loss of scholarship funds.

If you’re a license professional, you may be at risk for suspension or revocation of your license. In some cases, penalties may be so severe that you would be prohibited from ever practicing in your field again. Such may be the case for teachers, doctors, licensed counselors or other specialized careers.

A Morristown Criminal Defense Lawyer May Help Mitigate Circumstances

What if you’re sitting at home one night and police knock at your door, asking you to allow them entry so that they can have a look around? In such situations, it’s critical that you know your rights and how to protect them. If police search your home, car or person then take you into custody on suspicion of a drug possession crime, a Morristown criminal defense lawyer is a great asset to have as part of your support network. Everything you say and do during a drug investigation may have an impact on the ultimate outcome of your case, including severity of penalties under conviction. In some cases, rather than sentence you to jail time, the judge overseeing your case might place you on probation instead.

An experienced criminal law attorney can help you determine if a personal rights violation occurred at any time leading up to, during or following your arrest. The Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution protects you against unlawful searches and seizures. You may also invoke the Fifth Amendment to refuse to answers investigative questions without the presence of legal representation. If police do not have a warrant to enter your home, you do not have to consent to a search, except in certain circumstances where officers would not need to obtain a warrant before entering, such as if they believe a crime is taking place at that moment inside your house. You may request legal representation as soon as you learn that you are the subject of a drug investigation.

Build a Strong Defense From the Start

Facing charges for drug possession is a serious matter that can have far-reaching implications in all aspects of your life. In addition to legal repercussions, being charged with a drug crime may adversely affect your personal life, as well. It can destroy your reputation, cause family problems or place your job at risk. If you wind up with a criminal record, a potential future employer may be hesitant to hire you due to your past drug crime conviction. While these are not legal penalties, they are definitely negative consequences that may occur following a criminal conviction.

Gregg Wisotsky is an experienced defense attorney located in New Jersey. When you request a meeting by calling (973) 898-0161, you’ll be enlisting support from an attorney who has 25 years of experience providing legal defense for those charged with illegal possession, distribution and various other drug crimes. Reach out to our office today.

Seeking Compensation for Dangerous Drug Injuries

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Dangerous Drug Side Effects May Entitle You to Compensation

By early December of 2020, the FDA had already matched its drug approval statistics from 2019. The upward trend in the number of drugs the FDA approves annually continues to raise concerns that faster approvals may lead to more dangerous drug injuries.

What Is a Dangerous Drug?

Medications undergo a detailed testing process before they may receive FDA approval for sale in the marketplace. While most medicines are helpful when administered for their intended uses, some drugs may actually cause injury or even death. It is not uncommon for a drug to have side effects. Therefore, drug manufacturers are generally not liable for injuries the manufacturer clearly lists as a potential side effect. However, there are scenarios in which drug manufacturers may be liable for a consumer’s injury, including:

  • If there is a defect in the drug’s manufacturing process.
  • If the drug causes dangerous side effects.
  • If the manufacturer markets the drug improperly in a way that causes injury.

Who May Be Liable for a Dangerous Drug Injury

Drug companies are naturally the most likely defendants in dangerous drug cases. However, other parties may also be liable in a dangerous drug lawsuit. Your Morristown personal injury attorney can help you identify potential defendants in your dangerous drug case. Other parties that may be liable generally participate in other parts of the supply chain and may include:

  • Testing laboratories
  • Sales professionals
  • Medical care providers
  • Hospitals or clinics
  • Pharmacies

Drug Manufacturing Defects

Manufacturing defects may potentially occur at multiple locations as a drug travels to the end-user. The manufacturer may make an error in producing the drug at its facility. If another party is responsible for packaging and labeling the medication, that party is liable if the error causes injury. A pharmacist who bottles and delivers a drug may be legally responsible if his or her process causes a defect in the product.

Your Morristown personal injury lawyer will investigate every stage in the supply chain to uncover potential contributors to a drug defect that causes injury. Injured patients are often unaware of their right to receive compensation for severe side effects that they experience. Therefore, it is important to call a dangerous drug lawyer as early as possible to determine whether the injured patient may have legal recourse.

Dangerous Side Effects vs. Common Side Effects

Sometimes, a beneficial drug may have side effects. Doctors and their patients ideally weigh the therapeutic benefits of a drug against potential side effects. Drug manufactures are required to list known side effects to enable medical care providers and their patients to know what to expect when considering a particular medication. Occasionally, a dangerous drug may cause a very severe, unexpected side effect that causes injury. Dangerous side effects are more severe than common side effects that typically pose relatively minor annoyances. Examples of severe, potentially unexpected side effects include:

  • Memory problems
  • Hallucinations
  • Increased risk of dementia
  • Confusion or delirium
  • Birth defects
  • Anaphylactic shock
  • Brain disorders
  • Nervous system disorders
  • Cardiovascular system disorders
  • Kidney disorder

Improper Marketing

Marketing a pharmaceutical drug includes providing instructions for correct use, issuing warnings, and making recommendations to help health care providers and patients administer and use the drug safely. A manufacturer that does not provide an adequate warning regarding side effects or sufficient instructions for safe use of the drug may be liable if the drug causes injury. A manufacturer, sales representative, pharmacist, or doctor who provides bad advice regarding the drug is also likely to be liable if the bad advice causes injury.

Seeking Compensation for Dangerous Drug Injuries

If you suspect you have been injured by a dangerous drug, contact a Morristown personal injury lawyer. Our attorney will evaluate the facts of your case and help you determine the next steps. A dangerous drug attorney will work diligently to protect your rights against large pharmaceutical and health care corporations. Call our Morristown, New Jersey, dangerous drug lawyer today at (973) 898-0161 to receive a free and confidential case evaluation.

What to Expect During an Arraignment Hearing

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New Jersey Arraignment Hearing Process

Getting arrested is a traumatic experience, and the arrest is often only the first step of a long legal process. Your first court appearance will be your arraignment hearing. An arraignment hearing includes:

  • Court reads the charges against you.
  • You are asked about legal counsel.
  • Bail motion is heard.
  • Court dates for motion hearings are scheduled.
  • Court dates for pre-trial and trial are scheduled.

Timing of the Arraignment Hearing

The timing of your arraignment hearing will depend on if you are still in custody or not. To protect the defendant’s safety, it has long been federal law that an arraignment occurs as quickly as possible. Most of the time, arraignment hearings take place within 48 hours for those still in jail.

In-custody defendants are either transported to the courthouse to appear in person or to a separate part of the jail to participate in a virtual arraignment. A virtual arraignment is one that is held via videoconference.

Those individuals who have bailed out of jail will be scheduled for their arraignment a few weeks out. This will give you time to contact your Morristown criminal defense lawyer to begin working on your defense.

Advisement of Rights

You will be advised of your right to counsel and your right to waive your arraignment hearing. Not all states allow you to waive your arraignment. The defendant is also given the choice of not hearing the charges read aloud in front of the court.

Advisement of Charges

At this time, the court will read aloud the criminal complaint against you. They will also advise you of any indictment information. You have the right to receive a copy of this information.

Appointment of Counsel

After the charges are read, the judge will ask you if you have retained an attorney. The court will also determine if you qualify for representation by a public defender. You do have the right to have an attorney present at your arraignment. If you choose to exercise this right and your attorney is not present, a second arraignment hearing will be scheduled. Once you make it known that you want your attorney present, it is illegal to arraign you without your lawyer present.

Entering a Plea

After you have been advised of the charges against you, the judge will ask you how you plead to those charges. Following are the possible ways you can respond.

Not Guilty

It is common for defense attorneys to recommend that the defendant always enter a plea of not guilty at the arraignment hearing. This forces the state to prove its case against you. Once the state has gathered all the evidence, your Morristown criminal defense lawyer will be able to review the evidence against you. The extra time allows for you and your lawyer to prepare your defense for trial.

Guilty

When a defendant enters a guilty plea at arraignment to a minor offense, the judge may choose to sentence the defendant during the hearing itself. If a guilty plea is entered in response to more serious crimes, there will be other hearings and conferences before the sentence is handed down.

No Contest

A plea of no contest is also known as a plea of nolo contendere. This plea serves as an acknowledgment that you recognize that there is enough evidence for a conviction. Procedures following a plea of no contest are the same as those for a guilty plea.

Setting Conditions for Pretrial Release

Following the plea, the court might set conditions for a defendant to be released pending trial. In setting these conditions, the following factors are considered:

  • If the defendant presents a danger to the community if he or she is released.
  • Criminal record and the nature of any prior offenses.
  • Ties to the community, including the presence of family and the length of time the defendant has been a resident of the community.
  • The defendant’s employment status in the community and the length of time they have been employed at that job.
  • Defendant’s history of failure to appear.

When these factors have been reviewed, the following release options are considered and determined.

Release on Your Own Recognizance

A release on your own recognizance is also known as “ROR.” This release is not based on money. It is based on your promise to report to all court dates. A failure to appear to your court dates might reverse the court’s decision to release you. If your release is revoked, you could be sent back to jail until your trial is complete.

Bail or Bond

When the court sets bail, it requires that the defendant post money to the court in order to be released until your trial. A bond is either cash or surety. A cash bond requires that the amount of bail be paid in full to the courts. The amount will be held and returned to you at the end of your trial. A surety bond only requires a percentage of the full bail amount to be paid. It is usually backed by some type of collateral. When the defendant ultimately appears in court, the money is returned to you.

No matter which type of bond is assigned for your bail, if you fail to appear in court, you will forfeit the money, and a warrant for your arrest will be issued.

Supervised Release

Under a supervised release agreement, you will be required to keep regular appointments with a probation officer. You also may be subjected to random drug tests. If you miss too many meetings or fail a drug test, the courts can revoke your release and can order your return to jail until your trial.

Other Conditions of Release

Common in all of these release scenarios are the following rules:

  • You may be required to wear an ankle bracelet that tracks your movements.
  • You must abstain from drugs and alcohol.
  • You cannot be arrested for any new crimes.
  • You may not possess firearms or other weapons.
  • You will not be allowed to travel outside of your community.
  • You may be subject to house arrest.
  • You may not associate with the victims or any witnesses to the crime.
  • You may not associate with any felons.

If any of these conditions are violated, you will be in violation of your conditions of release and are then subject to being taken back to jail until your trial.

Scheduling

The final step in your arrangement hearing will be the court assigning specific court dates to all of your motions hearings, status conferences, and ultimately the trial.

Next Steps

The arraignment hearing is only the beginning. If you are not assigned a public defender, you will need to retain a Morristown criminal defense lawyer to begin to plan your defense and prepare for trial. To get started on your case, call criminal defense lawyer Gregg Wisotsky in Morristown, New Jersey, at (973) 898-1494 for advice regarding your criminal case.

What Is a Wrongful Death Claim in New Jersey?

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Wrongful Death Claims in New Jersey

New Jersey police have stated that there were 563 deaths associated with motor vehicle accidents throughout the state in 2019. Many of these fatal collisions involved driver negligence. The shock of losing a loved one is especially devastating when evidence shows that another person’s negligence was a causal factor in a collision.

Motor vehicle accidents are not the only way that a family might suffer the untimely death of a loved one. Fatal personal injuries often occur as a result of a crime, workplace accidents, or another type of incident as well. When death is a result of a wrongful act or another person’s neglect, New Jersey law allows an immediate family member to file a wrongful death claim in a civil court. The following list shows conditions that must be met to constitute a legitimate claim:

  • Decedent would have had grounds for a personal injury claim if he or she had survived
  • Claim is filed within the statute of limitations
  • Person receiving damages is an immediate family member
  • Damages listed are valid according to state law

Each of these requirements must be met in order to file a wrongful death claim in a New Jersey court. No two cases are exactly the same; therefore, an issue that is relevant in one case may not apply to another.

The Decedent Could Have Filed an Injury Claim

State law provides recourse to grieving families when a loved one has suffered fatal injuries and is therefore unable to pursue justice on his or her own behalf against the person deemed responsible for the injuries.

The Claim Is Within the Statute of Limitations

To constitute eligibility for a wrongful death claim, documents must be filed in court according to the state’s statute of limitations, which, in New Jersey, is typically two years from the date of the decedent’s passing. It’s helpful to speak with a Morristown personal injury lawyer for clarification regarding such laws.

The Claim Is Filed by Qualifying Decedents

Every state has its own laws regarding who may receive compensation for damages in a wrongful death case. In New Jersey, the person in question must be an immediate family member of the decedent and is either entitled as an heir or was dependent on the decedent at the time of his or her death. Such laws are complex, which is why it’s a good idea to meet with a Morristown personal injury lawyer ahead of time to ensure that all requirements for a specific case have been met.

Some Damages Are Not Compensable in New Jersey

A plaintiff may seek maximum compensation for damages. Such damages often include loss of financial support as well as potential income that a decedent may have been expected to earn if he or she had survived. In addition to financial support, damages may also include funeral or medical expenses associated with a loved one’s death. In this state, however, emotional distress does not qualify as a compensable damage. Additionally, a New Jersey wrongful death plaintiff cannot seek
punitive damages.

Contact a Morristown Personal Injury Lawyer

Losing a family member because of a wrongful act or the negligence of another person is a devastating experience. It is understandable that a grieving family would want to seek justice on behalf of a fatally injured loved one. There is no replacement for the loss of a human life; however, meeting with an experienced personal injury law attorney is often the first logical step to take to seek justice. Call the Morristown, New Jersey, law office of Gregg A. Wisotsky, Esq. toll-free at (973) 898-0161 today.

Understanding All the Types of Criminal Forgery

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What Are the Different Types of Criminal Forgery?

With roughly 45,000 people being arrested for criminal forgery each year, forgery is an incredibly common charge. There are all sorts of activities that can count as forgery, so some people accidentally commit this crime without even realizing it. If you or a loved one is facing forgery charges, it can be helpful to understand all the different types of forgery.

Forgery by Altering Documents

One of the most common types of criminal forgery is altering an otherwise valid document. This forgery type occurs when a person changes a document without proper consent. Some examples of this type of forgery include changing dates, amounts of money, and names of people on documents. This forgery is often used when making fake IDs, embezzling money from a business, or cashing a fake check.

If you are charged with forgery, the prosecution usually needs to prove that you altered a document and that you intended to defraud others with the document. Therefore, your defense may show that you did not have the means to access and alter the document. For example, if you do not have the password to your company’s bookkeeping software, you might not be able to change documents for the purpose of embezzlement. Depending on your case, you may be able to argue that someone else committed the alteration or that you actually did have permission to alter the item.

Forgery by Creating False Documents

Some people may commit forgery that goes beyond simply making changes to a document. Instead, they may create entirely new documents for their personal gain. Just about any money, tokens, stamps, seals, badges, credit cards, or other sorts of documents can be forged. Making a false document also applies to those who forge universal product code labels or other electronic files as well. You can be charged with this crime whether the false documents are completely or partially finished at the time you were apprehended.

In some cases, such as a forged piece of art, your defense may be that the document was not meant to actually be confused with the real thing. Creating a false document accurate enough to deceive others is often very difficult, so a common defense may be that you did not have the ability to make the forged document. For example, your attorney may point out that you did not have access to the high-quality printing tools needed to create a false passport.

Forgery by Faking an Identity

Forgery can occur when someone pretends to be someone they are not. This encompasses a variety of crimes. It can include things like signing someone else’s name on a legal document or impersonating an official. It can also be using someone else’s login credentials to sign in and access confidential information. Keep in mind that this type of forgery is slightly different from general false identity claims. Forgery specifically applies to false writing of some sort. Simply stating that you are a different person without the act of writing or creating any documentation is not forgery.

If you were charged with forgery by false identity, your Morristown criminal defense lawyer may have a few different routes of defense. You may be able to focus on the lack of intent, emphasizing that your faked identity was meant as a joke that would not actually deceive anyone. A similar defense may occur if a person signed the wrong name accidentally or misspelled their own name in a way that made it into another’s.

Forgery by Using a Forged Item

Using a forged item without creating it yourself is still considered a type of forgery. Called “uttering” a forged document, this is essentially presenting a forged document and claiming that it is true. You can be convicted for this type of forgery even if you did not actually defraud anyone. Simply lying about the veracity of a document with the intent to defraud is enough to get a forgery charge.

For this type of forgery, one of the most common defenses is a lack of intent. For example, if you tried to return an item with a falsified receipt, you could potentially argue that you thought the receipt was correct. Defending against these cases frequently relies on the fact that you may have been in possession of the forged item but assumed it was not forged. Depending on the forged item, it can be very hard for the prosecution to show that you were personally aware of the forgery before using the device.

Degrees of Forgery

Since there is so much variation in what counts as forgery, there are different degrees of charges possible. The majority of forgeries in New Jersey are third-degree felonies. Third-degree forgeries are typically ones that involve forging money, checks, securities, property titles, or personal identification documents. A person may also be charged with a third-degree forgery if they are convicted of forgery and are also in possession of items used for the express purpose of forgery. Being convicted of multiple counts of fourth-degree forgery may result in upgrading the crime to a third-degree charge. Any conviction of a third-degree forgery felony results in a fine of at least $500 and a prison sentence of three to five years.

Some forgeries that do not involve money, property, or personal identification documents may count as a fourth-degree forgery. This is a slightly less severe charge, where the consequences are a prison sentence of fewer than 18 months and a fine of $200 or higher. New Jersey mostly charges people with felonies for forgery. However, if a person just has a single altered sales receipt or UPC label, they are convicted of a “disorderly person” crime. This is essentially a type of misdemeanor criminal charge. It results in a prison sentence of no more than six months and a fine of at least $100.

Federal vs. State Forgery

Something else to consider when looking at types of forgery is whether it is a state or federal offense. Forgery is illegal on both a state and federal level. Whether it is prosecuted as a federal felony will depend on the circumstances. Any time a forged document travels between states, it becomes a federal crime. Forgery is also usually prosecuted on the federal level if it involves government documents or agencies. Things like forging immigration documents, FBI badges, or military credentials are likely to be a federal forgery.

Being charged with a federal crime instead of a state crime is mostly a matter of jurisdiction. You may go to different courthouses or prisons when you are facing federal charges. Furthermore, federal convictions typically have more severe consequences. New Jersey’s maximum sentence for forgery is five years in prison while a federal forgery conviction can result in a sentence of up to 10 years.

Ultimately, forgery is a very complex criminal charge. Depending on a person’s unique situation, there may be all sorts of defenses available. When you need a Morristown criminal defense lawyer for forgery, Gregg Wisotsky is here to help. With offices throughout New Jersey, we assist people with defending themselves from all sorts of criminal charges. Schedule a consultation today by dialing (973) 898-0161 or filling out our online contact form.

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Disclaimer : The information you obtain at this site is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. You should consult an attorney for advice regarding your individual situation. We invite you to contact us and welcome your calls, letters and electronic mail. Contacting us does not create an attorney-client relationship. Please do not send any confidential information to me until such time as an attorney-client relationship has been established.

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